title: Reactionaries, Black Hundreds, White Guards, Fascists: Definitions of Russian Right-Wingers in the Early 20th Century
metadata.name: dc.contributor.author
metadata.value: Ivanov, A. A.
metadata.lang: -
metadata.name: dc.date.accessioned
metadata.value: 2023-01-13T14:18:28Z
metadata.lang: -
metadata.name: dc.date.available
metadata.value: 2023-01-13T14:18:28Z
metadata.lang: -
metadata.name: dc.date.issued
metadata.value: 2022-12
metadata.lang: -
metadata.name: dc.identifier.citation
metadata.value: Ivanov A. A. ‘Reactionaries, Black Hundreds, White Guards, Fascists: Definitions of Russian Right-Wingers in the Early 20th Century’, Modern History of Russia, vol. 12, no. 4, 2022, pp. 884– 905. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu24.2022.405 (In Russian)
metadata.lang: en_GB
metadata.name: dc.identifier.other
metadata.value: https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu24.2022.405
metadata.lang: -
metadata.name: dc.identifier.uri
metadata.value: http://hdl.handle.net/11701/38841
metadata.lang: -
metadata.name: dc.description.abstract
metadata.value: The article presents a detailed analysis of definitions that, having arisen during the political struggle of
  the early 20th Century, subsequently became entrenched in historical literature in relation to the right-wing monarchist
  movement. Special attention is paid to the circumstances of the emergence, use and validity of such terms
  as “conservatives”, “reactionaries”, “rightists”, “the Black Hundreds”, “bison”, “the Whites” (“the White Guards”),
  “right-wing revolutionaries”, “fascists”. It is for the first time that the author has introduced to scientific community
  the sources illustrating how certain definitions were used in relation to Russian right-wingers in the periodicals
  and journalism of pre-revolutionary and Soviet Russia and the reaction to them from the Black Hundreds and
  Russian nationalists. The article shows that the same terms and definitions could have different interpretations
  and be endowed with opposite characteristics when used by opposing political forces. Such nicknames as “the
  Black Hundreds” and “bison” sounded like swear nicknames in the mouths of the members of the revolutionary
  and liberal camps. However, some right-wingers proudly raised them to their banners. At the same time, the monarchists
  rejected the nickname “right-wing revolutionaries” in every possible way, since they saw it as a tool for
  discrediting and distorting their political goals. The later term “fascists”, retrospectively applied to the Black Hundreds
  by their opponents, inspired in some of their former leaders a desire to present the pre-revolutionary movement
  of Russian monarchists as genetically close to the European right-wing movements of a later time. Attention
  is also paid to the little-known term “the Whites” (“the White Guards”), which was used in relation to the right-wing
  camp during the First Russian Revolution, but later was supplanted by other nicknames and almost forgotten.
metadata.lang: en_GB
metadata.name: dc.description.sponsorship
metadata.value: The research was funded by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR), project no. 20-09-00105
  “Political Parties in Russia in the Beginning of the 20th Century”.
metadata.lang: en_GB
metadata.name: dc.language.iso
metadata.value: ru
metadata.lang: en_GB
metadata.name: dc.publisher
metadata.value: St Petersburg State University
metadata.lang: en_GB
metadata.name: dc.relation.ispartofseries
metadata.value: Modern History of Russia;Volume 12; Issue 4
metadata.lang: -
metadata.name: dc.subject
metadata.value: right-wingers
metadata.lang: en_GB
metadata.name: dc.subject
metadata.value: conservatives
metadata.lang: en_GB
metadata.name: dc.subject
metadata.value: reactionaries
metadata.lang: en_GB
metadata.name: dc.subject
metadata.value: Black Hundreds
metadata.lang: en_GB
metadata.name: dc.subject
metadata.value: right-wing revolutionaries
metadata.lang: en_GB
metadata.name: dc.subject
metadata.value: White Guards
metadata.lang: en_GB
metadata.name: dc.subject
metadata.value: fascists
metadata.lang: en_GB
metadata.name: dc.subject
metadata.value: Russia
metadata.lang: en_GB
metadata.name: dc.title
metadata.value: Reactionaries, Black Hundreds, White Guards, Fascists: Definitions of Russian Right-Wingers in the Early 20th Century
metadata.lang: en_GB
metadata.name: dc.type
metadata.value: Article
metadata.lang: en_GB
resources.filename: 05ivanov_15.pdf
resources.url: https://dspace.spbu.ru/bitstream/11701/38841/1/05ivanov_15.pdf
resources.format: Adobe PDF
resources.size: 853,72 kB