title: Unrealized Initiative on Fighting the Military Espionage in the Russian Empire (1909–1914)
metadata.name: dc.contributor.author
metadata.value: Zverev, V. O.
metadata.lang: -
metadata.name: dc.date.accessioned
metadata.value: 2017-08-20T16:34:35Z
metadata.lang: -
metadata.name: dc.date.available
metadata.value: 2017-08-20T16:34:35Z
metadata.lang: -
metadata.name: dc.date.issued
metadata.value: 2017
metadata.lang: -
metadata.name: dc.identifier.citation
metadata.value: Zverev V. O. Unrealized Initiative on Fighting the Military Espionage in the Russian Empire (1909–1914), Modern History of Russia, no. 2, 2017. P. 7–18.
metadata.lang: en_GB
metadata.name: dc.identifier.other
metadata.value: 10.21638/11701/spbu24.2017.201
metadata.lang: -
metadata.name: dc.identifier.uri
metadata.value: http://hdl.handle.net/11701/7070
metadata.lang: -
metadata.name: dc.description.abstract
metadata.value: The appearance in the Russian legislative practice of the phenomenon of unrealized initiatives (bills) was a sign and a consequence mainly of political short-sightedness of the supreme executive and legislative
  power. The Council of Ministers has not managed to recognize and actualize the regular military and spyware
  threats. Problems of over-concentration of foreign colonists in the border regions of Russia and the imperfection
  of the domestic proceedings in cases of espionage were considered as not worthy of attention and not in need of
  immediate legal assessment. The State Duma and the Council of State, due to the lack of parliamentary experience
  and of special (urgent) passing legislation procedures, has not had time to take preventive and comprehensive
  legislative response to the foreign espionage. Meanwhile, emerging Russia’s national security system was
  in need of additional regional «counterespionage» laws that could minimize favorable conditions for operations
  of the German and Austrian intelligence. The functionality of the agents’ network in the western borderlands and
  the South-West region (regions of Vilna, Warsaw, Kiev and Odessa military districts) was dependent to a large
  extent on two factors. Firstly, the European Russian border line was inhabited by many foreigners used for the
  false attraction and dispersion of attention of Russian military and police authorities. In addition, there was a concentration
  in the Volyn and some other nearby provinces of the reserve of German and Austrian reservists (sworn
  allegiance to Germany or Austria-Hungary and have served in the armed forces of these countries) who were
  planned to get involved in the collection of intelligence information about the Russian defense with the beginning
  of the mobilization. Moreover, several cases of cooperation of foreign colonists were recorded in the pre-war period.
  And, secondly, the Grand Duchy of Finland, as a «state within a state», did not recognize the laws of Russian
  Empire (in terms of the fight against political crimes). As a result, criminal law prosecution for espionage, carried
  out by local police and judicial authorities and institutions, wasn’t so strict.
metadata.lang: en_GB
metadata.name: dc.language.iso
metadata.value: ru
metadata.lang: en_GB
metadata.name: dc.publisher
metadata.value: St Petersburg State University
metadata.lang: en_GB
metadata.name: dc.relation.ispartofseries
metadata.value: Modern History of Russia;Issue 2(19)
metadata.lang: -
metadata.name: dc.subject
metadata.value: bill
metadata.lang: en_GB
metadata.name: dc.subject
metadata.value: colonists
metadata.lang: en_GB
metadata.name: dc.subject
metadata.value: private lawyers
metadata.lang: en_GB
metadata.name: dc.subject
metadata.value: military secrets
metadata.lang: en_GB
metadata.name: dc.subject
metadata.value: land areas
metadata.lang: en_GB
metadata.name: dc.subject
metadata.value: the Ministry of Interior
metadata.lang: en_GB
metadata.name: dc.subject
metadata.value: the Minister of Justice
metadata.lang: en_GB
metadata.name: dc.subject
metadata.value: espionage
metadata.lang: en_GB
metadata.name: dc.subject
metadata.value: the Finnish courts
metadata.lang: en_GB
metadata.name: dc.title
metadata.value: Unrealized Initiative on Fighting the Military Espionage in the Russian Empire (1909–1914)
metadata.lang: en_GB
metadata.name: dc.type
metadata.value: Article
metadata.lang: en_GB
resources.filename: 01-Zverev.pdf
resources.url: https://dspace.spbu.ru/bitstream/11701/7070/1/01-Zverev.pdf
resources.format: Adobe PDF
resources.size: 767,67 kB