title: Commercial law in Poland: Partnerships
metadata.name: dc.contributor.author
metadata.value: Moskwa, Leopold
metadata.lang: -
metadata.name: dc.date.accessioned
metadata.value: 2022-06-28T14:13:23Z
metadata.lang: -
metadata.name: dc.date.available
metadata.value: 2022-06-28T14:13:23Z
metadata.lang: -
metadata.name: dc.date.issued
metadata.value: 2021-03
metadata.lang: -
metadata.name: dc.identifier.citation
metadata.value: Moskwa, Leopold. 2021. Commercial law in Poland: Partnerships. Pravovedenie 65 (1): 76–105.
metadata.lang: en_GB
metadata.name: dc.identifier.other
metadata.value: https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu25.2021.105
metadata.lang: -
metadata.name: dc.identifier.uri
metadata.value: http://hdl.handle.net/11701/36988
metadata.lang: -
metadata.name: dc.description.abstract
metadata.value: Commercial law has lost its status as a branch of law separate from civil law and currently forms
  only a specialised part of it. The key criterion for distinguishing commercial law is the entrepreneur
  in the sense that commercial law is “the private law of entrepreneurs”. Due to their key
  importance on the market, commercial law companies occupy a special place among entrepreneurs
  and therefore there are attempts to make these forms of business activity as attractive as
  possible. The same applies to partnerships. Therefore, the following legislative efforts should
  be noted. Owing to the introduction of the Commercial Companies Code in 2001, partnerships
  gained legal capacity, but were not equipped with legal personality, and continued to be considered
  “imperfect” legal persons. Consequently, although they may acquire rights and incur
  liabilities, unlike legal persons, they are tax “transparent”, which means that they are not subject
  to income tax. The adoption of the principle of subsidiary liability of partners for the obligations
  of a partnership has become an important step and it strengthens the position of partners. This
  means that the creditor of a partnership may only conduct enforcement from the partners’ assets
  when the enforcement against the partnership’s assets proves ineffective. As a result, as
  long as the claims of the partnership’s creditors can be satisfied from the partnership’s assets,
  the partners are not in danger of being held liable for the partnership’s obligations. The introduction
  of two new types of partnerships into the Polish legal system, namely the professional
  partnership and a limited joint-stock partnership is of great importance. The former is intended
  only for professionals and regulates the liability of a partner for the company’s obligations in
  a very favourable manner. The partner is liable in a limited manner, i. e., solely for malpractice
  committed by himself or by persons under his supervision. In turn, a limited joint-stock partnership
  was introduced to protect entrepreneurs (general partners in spe) who intend to recapitalise
  on the enterprise which usually has an established position on the market, by issuing shares,
  without exposing themselves to the danger of the so-called hostile takeover.
metadata.lang: en_GB
metadata.name: dc.language.iso
metadata.value: ru
metadata.lang: en_GB
metadata.name: dc.publisher
metadata.value: St Petersburg State University
metadata.lang: en_GB
metadata.name: dc.relation.ispartofseries
metadata.value: Pravovedenie;Volume 65; Issue 1
metadata.lang: -
metadata.name: dc.subject
metadata.value: commercial law
metadata.lang: en_GB
metadata.name: dc.subject
metadata.value: entrepreneur
metadata.lang: en_GB
metadata.name: dc.subject
metadata.value: partnership
metadata.lang: en_GB
metadata.name: dc.subject
metadata.value: general partnership
metadata.lang: en_GB
metadata.name: dc.subject
metadata.value: professional partnership
metadata.lang: en_GB
metadata.name: dc.subject
metadata.value: limited partnership
metadata.lang: en_GB
metadata.name: dc.subject
metadata.value: limited joint-stock partnership
metadata.lang: en_GB
metadata.name: dc.title
metadata.value: Commercial law in Poland: Partnerships
metadata.lang: en_GB
metadata.name: dc.type
metadata.value: Article
metadata.lang: en_GB
resources.filename: 13316-Article Text-43194-1-10-20220414.pdf
resources.url: https://dspace.spbu.ru/bitstream/11701/36988/1/13316-Article%20Text-43194-1-10-20220414.pdf
resources.format: Adobe PDF
resources.size: 886,29 kB